The use of white phosphorus by Israel in Lebanon has sparked international concern, with human rights groups and media outlets documenting its deployment in civilian areas. This controversial substance, known for its severe and long-lasting effects, has been used in recent conflicts, raising questions about its legality and impact on civilians.
On June 6, 2026, reports emerged detailing Israel’s use of white phosphorus in the Lebanese town of Nabatieh on May 30. This development comes amidst ongoing tensions between Israel and the Iran-backed militant group Hezbollahwhich have escalated since early March. Despite a ceasefire agreement, Hezbollah’s rejection of the terms has led to continued Israeli airstrikes, resulting in civilian casualties.
Understanding White Phosphorus and Its Dangers
White phosphorus is a waxy, solid chemical that ignites upon contact with oxygen. While not explicitly banned under international law, its use in populated areas is prohibited due to the widespread harm it can cause. The Chemical Weapons Convention classifies it as an incendiary agent rather than a chemical weapon, allowing its use for creating smoke screens and marking targets.
However, the dangers of white phosphorus to civilians are significant. A single artillery projectile can cover an area of 125 to 250 meters in diameter. The substance adheres to skin and clothing, causing severe burns that can penetrate bones and damage the respiratory tract. These injuries can be fatal and are difficult to treat, as white phosphorus can re-ignite when exposed to oxygen.
Ramzi Kaissa Lebanon researcher with Human Rights Watch (HRW)emphasizes the cruel and long-lasting injuries caused by white phosphorus. Budour Hassana researcher with Amnesty Internationalnotes that the substance can continue to burn for days or even weeks after initial exposure.
Historical Context and Recent Incidents
The recent use of white phosphorus in Lebanon is not an isolated incident. The New York Times reported its deployment in Nabatieh and near the city of Tyreas well as in three other towns since March. HRW has also verified the use of incendiary weapons over homes in southern Lebanon on March 3.
Israel has a history of using white phosphorus in conflicts, including during a previous confrontation with Hezbollah in 2026 and in Gaza in 2009. While Israel pledged to reduce its use of the substance in 2013, recent events suggest a continued reliance on it. The United States has also used white phosphorus, most recently in Iraq in 2017, to provide cover for civilians fleeing combat zones.
The Washington Post reported in 2026 that the U.S. had supplied the white phosphorus used by Israel’s military in Lebanon. This raises further questions about the international community’s role in the conflict and the broader implications of its use.
The Capture of Beaufort Castle and Its Symbolic Significance
Amidst the ongoing conflict, Israel’s capture of Beaufort Castle in south Lebanon has added a symbolic dimension to the war. The ancient hilltop fort, with its panoramic views of the Litani River, has been a site of historical significance for both Israelis and Lebanese. The raising of the Israeli flag above the castle has been met with shock and dismay by the local population.
Hussain Alawieha tour guide based in south Lebanon, describes the castle as a symbol of steadfastness and resistance. Its capture by Israeli forces has been seen as a message of psychological domination, evoking memories of Israel’s 18-year occupation of south Lebanon starting in 1982. The sight of the Israeli flag over the castle has brought back painful memories for many Lebanese.
The capture of Beaufort Castle comes as Israel’s invasion of south Lebanon has intensified. Despite a supposed ceasefire on April 17, the conflict has escalated, with Israeli warplanes killing dozens of people and ground forces advancing further into Lebanese territory. The capture of the castle serves as a tangible marker of Israel’s progress, both to Israelis and Lebanese.
As the conflict continues, the international community remains concerned about the use of white phosphorus and its impact on civilians. The ongoing tensions between Israel and Hezbollah, coupled with the symbolic significance of Beaufort Castle, highlight the complex and multifaceted nature of the conflict in Lebanon.
